Question #f66fb

1 Answer
Feb 21, 2016

A gravitational quadrupole is a mathematical concept to explain the gravitational effect of a mass which is not just a point but which has an extension in the space

Explanation:

The most easy way to show its effects is considering 4 equal masses (m each of them) placed in every corner of a square of side #2a# and calculate their interaction with a distant mass (M). The distance from the center of square to this mass is #r#. It is very important that #r# is huge in comparison with #a#.

By using the Newton's gravitational law

#F=G*(M*m)/R^2#

#r#, the distance between the mass M and the center of square, can be written in its components #x# and #y#

#r^2 = x^2+y^2#

the same for the distance from mass M to every corner of square

#r_1^2=(x-a)^2+y^2#
#r_2^2=x^2+(y-a)^2#
#r_3^2=(x+a)^2+y^2#
#r_4^2=x^2+(y+a)^2#

the total gravitational force in the system is

#F=G*M*m*[1/r_1^2+1/r_2^2+1/r_3^2+1/r_4^2] #

Taken in account the approximation formula

#1/(x+epsilon) ~~ 1/x *(1-epsilon/x)#

#F~~G*(M*4m)/r^2*[1-a^2/r^2] =#

#= G*(M*4m)/r^2 -G*(M*4m*a^2)/r^4 #

In this expression, we have 2 elements. The first one

#G*(M*4m)/r^2# is the interaction of 4 masses (m) as if they were

concentrated in a single point, just in the center of the square. The

second one #Q =−G⋅(M⋅4m⋅a^2)/r^4# is the gravitational

quadropole for this example. See that this element is negative and decrease faster with distances.

This concept can be generalised to any geometrical configuration with 4 masses and also to larger number of masses (octopole, hexapole, etc.). When we have a extensive mass, its gravitational effects can be approximated in this way (point mass plus gravitational dipole plus gravitational quadrupole plus ...).