Use trig identities: 2sin^2x = 1 - cos 2x 2cos^2 x = 1 + cos 2x
In this case: tan (x/2) = sin (x/2)/(cos (x/2)
Find sin (x/2) and cos (x/2) in terms of cos x. sin^2 (x/2) = (1 - cos x)/2 --> sin (x/2) = +- sqrt((1 - cos x))/(sqrt2).
cos^2 (x/2) = (1 + cos x)/2. cos (x/2) = +- sqrt((1 + cos x)/(sqrt2). tan (x/2) = sqrt((1 - cos x)/(1 + cos x)).