Given: #y = ln x - 4#
The parent function is #ln x#. The given function is shifted down by #4#.
Graph of #ln x - 4#:
graph{ln x - 4 [-10, 10, -10, 5]}
If you don't have a graphing calculator, you can graph the inverse of the parent function #y = e^x# and then switch the #x# and #y# variables and subtract #4# from the #y# value:
#" "y = e^x#
#ul(" "x" "|" "y" ")#
#" "-4" "|" ".0183#
#" "0 " "|" "1#
#" " 1 " "|" "2.718#
#" "2" "|" "7.389#
#" "3" "|" "20.09#
#" "y = ln x#
#ul(" "x" "|" "y" ")#
#" ".0183" "|" "-4#
#" "1 " "|" "0 #
#" " 2.718 " "|" "1#
#" "7.389" "|" "2#
#" "20.09" "|" "3#
#" "y = ln x - 4#
#ul(" "x" "|" "y" ")#
#" ".0183" "|" "-8#
#" "1 " "|" "-4 #
#" " 2.718 " "|" "-3#
#" "7.389" "|" "-2#
#" "20.09" "|" "-1#
