Identifying Turning Points (Local Extrema) for a Function

Key Questions

  • Answer:

    See below.

    Explanation:

    To find extreme values of a function f, set f'(x)=0 and solve. This gives you the x-coordinates of the extreme values/ local maxs and mins.

    For example. consider f(x)=x^2-6x+5. To find the minimum value of f (we know it's minimum because the parabola opens upward), we set f'(x)=2x-6=0 Solving, we get x=3 is the location of the minimum. To find the y-coordinate, we find f(3)=-4. Therefore, the extreme minimum of f occurs at the point (3,-4).

  • Any polynomial of degree n can have a minimum of zero turning points and a maximum of n-1. However, this depends on the kind of turning point.

    Sometimes, "turning point" is defined as "local maximum or minimum only". In this case:

    • Polynomials of odd degree have an even number of turning points, with a minimum of 0 and a maximum of n-1.
    • Polynomials of even degree have an odd number of turning points, with a minimum of 1 and a maximum of n-1.

    However, sometimes "turning point" can have its definition expanded to include "stationary points of inflexion". For an example of a stationary point of inflexion, look at the graph of y = x^3 - you'll note that at x = 0 the graph changes from convex to concave, and the derivative at x = 0 is also 0.

    If we go by the second definition, we need to change our rules slightly and say that:

    • Polynomials of degree 1 have no turning points.
    • Polynomials of odd degree (except for n = 1) have a minimum of 1 turning point and a maximum of n-1.
    • Polynomials of even degree have a minimum of 1 turning point and a maximum of n-1.

    So, in part, it depends on the definition of "turning point", but in general most people will go by the first definition.

  • For a differentiable function f(x), at its turning points, f' becomes zero, and f' changes its sign before and after the turning points.


    I hope that this was helpful.

Questions